Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. He was instrumental in stopping an Al-Qaeda attack on the USS Seahawk battlegroup (which the Watertown was a part of). She had two sons from her previous marriage. It is one of his most significant projects, because it was constructed as a memorial to Flagler's only daughter, Jenny. Rockefeller worked in association with chemist and inventor Samuel Andrews. Together, the boys worked in the Harkness store for several years, where Henry eventually became a part of their sales staff. Throughout it all, Mary was made to brave her condition without her husband, who had taken to staying at the Buckingham Hotel in New York, completely immersed in the business of Standard Oil. [citation needed], The Overseas Railroad, also known as the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. Sixty miles (97km) south, the area today known as Miami was reportedly unharmed by the freeze. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. And even Thomas Edison had his hand in this project, having been responsible for wiring the entirety of the Hotel Ponce de Leon with electricity. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was a United States tycoon, real estate promoter, railroad developer and Rockefeller partner in Standard Oil. In 1897, Flagler opened the Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River, overlooking Biscayne Bay. 1888: The Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, 1888: The Casa Monica/ Cordova Hotel in St. Augustine, 1894: The Royal Poinciana Hotel in Palm Beach (on Lake Worth), 1897: The Royal Palm Hotel on the banks of the Miami River, 1901: The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach (on the Atlantic Coast). "Our Own Riviera," Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Even when a draft was issued in 1862, requiring American men 18 to 45 to join the service, Henry Flagler did not join the military. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. (To get a first-hand account of the journey from New York to St. Augustine, visit our page on Constance Fenimore Woolson's article "The Ancient City In Two Parts," which was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1874.). Perhaps because of the economic success that Flagler's industries had delivered to the state or perhaps because of direct funding being delivered to individual senators, Flagler was able to convince the legislature to pass a little bill for him in April of 1901. Despite her frail health, though, she was the only one of Henry Flagler's three wives to bear him any children. He was 14 years old, and leaving the home of his parents in Hopewell, N.J., to . Carrie died at the age of 3. Over the course of her marriage to Henry Flagler, Ida Alice Shourds is reported to have begun displaying unstable behavior she was rumored to have a temper, and her fondness for lavish parties and attention did not go unnoticed by Gilded Age Society. However there were many reports harsh working conditions and forced indebtedness to the company, and malfeasance by labor agents who hired men for the railway. He was twenty-three and she was twenty and they were married in her father's home. "[39] Not only did Flagler and Rockefeller's Standard Oil company become well known in Ohio, they expanded to other states, as well as gained additional capital in purchasing smaller oil refining companies across the nation. Covert, Robert. Henry Flagler's first visit to Florida was in the winter of 1878-9. Flagler dredged a channel, built streets, instituted the first water and power systems, and financed the city's first newspaper, The Metropolis. Flagler also worked as a grain merchant. "Especially since her father would have never stepped foot in the house. HENRY FLAGLER "Father of Florida" American Industrialist Early Days was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, raised in a. He was the baby of the household, being born several years after the youngest of his siblings. I wish I had the brains to think of it. Mrs. The railroads were fighting fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil men outside the main oil centers. It seems that if too many limits had been placed on Henry Flagler's projects, St. Augustine would not be the city we know today. Flagler completed the 1,100-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to its service town, West Palm Beach, by 1894, founding Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. Featuring air conditioning, The Henry Flagler offers accommodations in Layton. Indeed, Flagler's second sojourn to St. Augustine went off without a hitch the recently constructed San Marco hotel accommodated him and Ida Alice well, and he found himself to be amongst peers instead of invalids. University Press of Florida. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. Flagler and Dan Harkness remained friends and business associates and, in 1852, they opened a distillery. Henry M. Flagler, in full Henry Morrison Flagler, (born January 2, 1830, Hopewell, New York, U.S.died May 20, 1913, West Palm Beach, Florida), American financier and partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., in establishing the Standard Oil Company. Chandler, David Leon. In the kerosene industry, Standard Oil replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system. Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane[50] by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. Her eldest daughter, Jennie Louise, was twenty- six. Flagler renamed it the Hotel Cordova, after the street that it was on. St. Augustine, FL: Flagler College, 2013. [14] Standard was growing horizontally and vertically. Seven years later he became a senior salesman with a salary of $ 400 per year. [7] The partnership eventually grew into the Standard Oil Corporation. Along with that, Henry Flagler being referred to as a 'Robber Baron' alongside businessmen like Carnegie and Rockefeller is no exaggeration. Flamingo Visitor Center is 24 miles away. "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." This is a major source for this Historical Person Profile highly recommended! Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. In the early 1880s, Flagler and Rockefeller created one of their most important innovations. It was that shrewd attitude that caught the eye of one John D. Rockefeller. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. In 1877, Flagler and his family moved to New York City, which was becoming the center of commerce in the U.S.. After their wedding, the couple traveled to Saint Augustine. Henry Flagler, son of a Presbyterian minister, had Memorial Presbyterian Church built in memory of his daughter Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict and her newborn daughter Margery, both of whom died in 1889. View Henry Flagler.pptx from HISTORY 10 at Jupiter High School. 0:58. Harry Flagler was the only of Henry Flagler's children who outlived their father. Ida. Through his work with the Harkness company, Henry Flagler made the acquaintance of John D. Rockefeller. The voyage was harrowing and long northern tourists traveled by railroad, steamship, and mule-driven omnibus. Last Train to Paradise. From various newspapers, 1887 - 1895. [16] The railroad, seeing Standard's incursion into the transportation and pipeline fields, struck back and formed a subsidiary to buy and build oil refineries and pipelines. Mary was born in Ohio in 1833. Those who failed to fulfill these expectations were often punished for it. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. For the first time, Flagler was able to experience the warm, sunny atmosphere of Florida. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me." [9], By 1869, there was three times more kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. Pratt and Rogers became Flagler and Rockefeller's partners. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in the U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. Indeed, Mary Harkness Flagler's ailments first brought Henry Flagler to Far Florida. His half-brother Daniel had left Hopewell to live and work with his paternal uncle Lamon G. Harkness, who had a store in Republic, Ohio. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway, much of which he built through convict leasing. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. Today, when you ask someone if they know about Henry Flagler, they are likely to answer with a shake of their head and a shrug. His father was a Presbyterian minister, Isaac Flagler. In February of 1885, the couple took a delayed honeymoon to St. Augustine Ida Alice was thirty-seven and Henry Flagler was fifty-five. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. You see, during the Gilded Age [and for far too long after it], women could be sent to a mental institution for just about anything. Mary Flagler Cary (1901-1967) was the daughter of Harry Harkness Flagler, and granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler, one of the founders of Standard Oil. As fate would have it, Henry had been invited to work at a general store by a family . Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida. For many of the competitors, Flagler and Rockefeller had merely to show them the books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer. NY By genealogy.com user October 24, 1999 at 04:39:45. whereas said Henry M. Flagler has recently lost by death a beloved daughter and in affectionate remembrance of her has been desirous of erecting some worthy monument to her Memory and believing that nothing should be more accordant with her known wishes and the tenor of her life on earth than that such Memorial should be a temple devoted to the worship of God and the teaching of that living faith in which she lived and died has erected in the City of St. Augustine a church edifice in loving . I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not, but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment. The Flagler family, originally spelled Flegler, hailed from the southwestern corner of Germany known as the Palatinate region. The railroad was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the State of Florida, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, using much of the remaining railway infrastructure. (Context from a 21st-century author: This story takes place nearly two generations before women were granted the right to vote a time when we were generally valued for being subservient, delicate, and fertile. After construction for the Ponce de Leon and the Alcazar were underway in St. Augustine, Flagler's railroad properties started to expand southwards. Alternately called cruel, philanthropic, pitiless and visionary in his lifetime, Henry Morrison Flagler (1830-1913) was a complicated man. So, Henry was the youngest of a large mixed family. In general, government officials (especially Andrew Anderson) permitted Flagler to widen the roads and to dredge marshes to establish neighborhoods. An incident that is commonly cited as being 'the straw that broke the camel's back' occurred on one of the Flaglers' expensive yachts (of which the couple had many the Alicia was even named after Ida Alice). However, this building's history is tragic and short. As a gift to Kenan, Flagler built Whitehall, a 55-room winter getaway in Palm Beach. [citation needed], When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world. It was a small town of roughly 1,000 individuals, but familial connections led to a job at a general store. It was Henry M. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, Rockefeller was brokering most of the Harkness grain. She was the mother of his three children. By 1880, according to the New York World, Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country. University Press of Florida. St. Augustine, FL: The St. Augustine Historical Society. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. He is known as the father of Miami, Florida, and founded the city of Palm Beach. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Although not much is known about Ida Alice Flagler, many sources claim she became fond of opulent parties and leisurely pursuits that were available to the fabulously wealthy. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. He also built the Alcazar Hotel as an overflow hotel for the Ponce de Leon Hotel. Henry M. Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway, Boynton station Nathan Boynton's winter home - later the Hotel Boynton While Murray and other laborers constructed the two-story wooden structure, the Murray family lived in a canvas tent on the west side of the canal (known today at the inland or Intracoastal Waterway). By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. However, a great cloud of bad luck was soon to fall over the Flagler family. She was the daughter of Lamon G. Harkness and Julia Follet. Many people were curious about Henry Flagler's decision to launch a new business venture during his twilight years. The accommodation features a satellite TV. For the train, see, Alleged use of convict leasing and debt peonage, Martin, p. 56, quoting Edwin Lefevre, in "Flagler and Florida" from, Joe Knetsch, "The Peonage Controversy and the Florida East Coast Railway,", University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Madoff scandal stuns Palm Beach Jewish community", "292: Colonel Joseph D. Potts Leader in the Pennsylvania on LiveAuctioneers", "The Story of Convict Leasing in Florida", "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes: Online Sunshine", "Slavery Revisited: Peonage in the South", "How slave labor built the state of Florida decades after the Civil War", "Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, Vol II", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Flagler&oldid=1125174074, Jennie Louise (March 18, 1855 March 25, 1889), Knetsch, Joe. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida. St. Augustine city officials and businessmen were mostly grateful that Henry Flagler had chosen their little hamlet to 'please himself' by developing it and filling it with tourists. This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal. [32] More threatening to Standard's power was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust. There is also a monument to him on Flagler Monument Island in Biscayne Bay in Miami; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him in St. Augustine. Her great-nephew Lawrence Louis Junior utilized some of those funds in founding Flagler College, where Henry Flagler's legacy lives on to this day. Two years later, he expanded his Florida holdings. Flagler believed that he had learned a valuable lesson: invest in a business only after thorough investigation. Graham, Thomas. Instead, an artificial island was constructed in Biscayne Bay called Flagler Monument Island. Because Henry Flagler had not yet claimed Florida as his own, Savannah, Georgia was considered to be the last bastion of civilization on the East Coast. He was connected with government officials and industry elites. [citation needed], Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was born in North Carolina. Nothing major just language that "[made] incurable insanity a ground for divorce.". [citation needed], Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Flagler also pioneered in the development of Florida as a U.S. vacation centre. In 1897, Flagler opened the exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where it overlooked Biscayne Bay. Please disable your ad blocker to view the video content. To add to the sting, Henry 'Harry' Flagler was generally known as Harry Harkness, showing more deference for his mother than his father. Henry Flagler was John D. Rockefeller's most significant business partner at Standard Oil. APA: VisitStAugustine.com. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. Though he didn't recognize him through his medicinal stupor, Henry Flagler's only son, Harry Harkness, was at his father's bedside alongside Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, whom Harry was actually meeting for the first time. Resources Mary Lily outlived her first husband, Henry Flagler and inherited his huge fortune, married again three years later, and died under suspicious circumstances at aged fifty. Gainesville, FL. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. As such, the salt industry was tax-exempt during the Civil War and essential employees were exempt from the draft. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. It seemed a new leaf was turning for the little family of the Robber Baron. Stately and serious, genteel and generous some have even referred to him as "Uncle Henry.". The public and the media in Florida exploded with the scandal of it all. Augustine. The case can be made that Flagler was the intellectual genius who devised both the overall concepts and the details of the company policies and programs that turned Standard Oil into the most feared, powerful, and profitable company of the 19th and early . Ida Alice Shourds became Ida Alice Shourds Flagler in June of 1883 and moved into the Flagler family home the day after their wedding. Played by Tom Amandes. "[57][58], According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. When son Harry Harkness Flagler was born in December of 1870, Mary's frail health was greatly weakened by giving birth. The Alcazar Hotel and Casa Monica Hotel have their own fascinating histories. He is known as the father of St. Augustine, Mia After a few short weeks, the family all moved back to New York, much to the detriment of Mary Harkness Flagler's health, which got progressively worse in the coming years. Enamoured by what Henry Flagler had been up to down south, droves of rich tourists made that harrowing journey to St. Augustine. That craze mounted when two months later, Flagler filed for divorce in Dade County and was granted such on August 13th, 1901. [citation needed]. (However, when Harry Flagler was asked about this later, he denied that Ida Alice had ever been his mother's nurse.). Flagler engaged Thomas Hastings and Jean Carrere of the Carrere & Hastings architectural firm to design the hotel. In 1853, young Henry followed suit when Lamon Harkness' middle daughter, Mary, became his first wife. Jul 1, 2020 - Explore Patricia Cipolla's board "Henry Flagler" on Pinterest. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. One of the grain brokers The Standard Guide to St. Augustine. [33] Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of the trust. He would describe his childhood often as having been 'hungry and cold'. "The Peonage Controversy and the Florida East Coast Railway,", Graham, Thomas. 2. [4], After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. Flagler was eighteen years older than his 35-year-old bride. [3], Flagler attended local schools through eighth grade. The committee ultimately discovered the previously unknown scope of Standard Oil's business interests. This field trip will walk you through the life of Henry Morrison Flagler and the great impact he made on South Florida. Henry Morrison Flagler Museum: Very Disappointing - See 1,507 traveler reviews, 1,197 candid photos, and great deals for Palm Beach, FL, at Tripadvisor. [33], Upon his ascent to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress. You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. When he was 23, Flagler married Mary Harkness, a frail, 20-year-old cousin of Dan Harkness. The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. While many tourists were satisfied with the charms of rural Florida, the appeal quickly wore off for the Flaglers, Henry specifically. He was best known for being a Entrepreneur. Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. [23] The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. Flagler divorced Shourds in 1901 and just 10 days later married Mary Lily Kenan. Then, just a few months before the end of the Ponce de Leon Hotel's second season, Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict died from complications of childbirth. Zacharra worked in England for several years before moving to Dutchess County, New York, in 1710. 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. [citation needed], Although Standard Oil was a partnership, Flagler was credited as the brain behind the booming oil refining business. George Matthews, great-grandson of Henry Morrison Flagler, has served as the Flagler Museum's president for the past 42 years. Last Train to Paradise: Henry Flagler and the Spectacular Rise and Fall of the Railroad that Crossed an Ocean (Paperback) by. Flagler returned to Bellevue having lost his initial $50,000 investment and an additional $50,000 he had borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. Henry Flagler was seventy-one, whilst his beaming bride was thirty-four. For a time, Ida Alice and Henry Flagler both stayed and entertained guests within Kirkside, but trouble was on the horizon for Flagler and his second wife. Whitehall, Palm Beach, is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum; his private railcar No. One of Flagler's other St. Augustine Hotels, the Casa Monica, was originally built by Franklin W. Smith, who built the Villa Zorayda. Soon after, though, Mary and Harry followed. His father was Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and great-grandson of Zacharra Flegler, whose family had emigrated from the German Palatinate region to Holland in 1688. Henry Morrison Flagler was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. His lifelong interest was in music and its promotion, primarily in New York City. He planned to build a hotel on that land, one that gave Northern tourists a fine place to spend their money. Mary's health was poor throughout her life, although she and Henry had three children: Jenny Louise, Carrie, and Harry Harkness. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). The Washington Post. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. She married Frederick L. Tuttle 1867-1886), and they had two children, Frances Emeline 1868 and Henry 1870. In Bellevue he courted and married his step-uncle's (Lamon Harkness) second daughter, Mary Harkness, November 9, 1853. Keys, L. (2015) Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Flagler's Gilded Age Palace. Flagler. [2] Flagler's mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler, Isaac's third wife and a widow who had a stepson, Stephen V. Harkness, and a son, Daniel M. Harkness, from her marriage to deceased widower David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. [46], Realizing the need for a sound transportation system to support his hotel ventures, Flagler purchased short line railroads in what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. A railroad and oil magnate who laid claim to Florida's east coast. During the Gilded Age, this new class of robber barons like Flagler, Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt were shaking up American society. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. [17]This subsidiary, the Empire Transportation Company, which Joseph D. Potts created in 1865 and also ran, owned other assets including a small fleet of ships on the Great Lakes. PROLOGUE: In 1844, Henry Flagler dropped out of school. Within six years, Henry was earning enough money to purchase a showy Victorian house in Bellevue. 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